Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) sits inside an EIA production line, “other biofuels”, that reached 620.6 million gallons in 2025, equal to 14.78 million barrels or about 40,500 barrels a day. That is the latest full year and an upper bound for SAF alone. EPA, counting renewable jet fuel that generated credits under the Renewable Fuel Standard, puts 2025 at about 290 million gallons produced or imported.
Both figures are tiny against the federal goal of 3 billion gallons a year by 2030, which is about 195,700 barrels a day. The 2025 EIA figure would have to grow 4.8 times in five years, and the EPA figure 10.3 times. Growth also slowed in 2026: January to July output was 7.86 million barrels against 7.73 million in the same months of 2025, up 1.7 percent, after a 78 percent jump in 2025. How SAF is priced against petroleum jet is covered in our jet fuel prices guide.
What sits inside EIA’s “other biofuels” line
EIA reports SAF inside a residual category. Footnote a of Monthly Energy Review Table 10.4c defines “other biofuels” as renewable heating oil, renewable jet fuel (sustainable aviation fuel), renewable naphtha and gasoline, biobutanol, and other biofuels and biointermediates. Fuel ethanol (Table 10.3), biodiesel (Table 10.4a) and renewable diesel (Table 10.4b) are excluded. No row in the table splits jet from the other four, so the whole line is the most SAF the data could contain, not a measure of SAF itself.
Two more footnotes and a second clause of footnote a change how the series reads. Footnote d says production through 2020 comes from EPA and production from 2021 comes from EIA’s own survey, Form EIA-819. Footnote i flags a discontinuity between 2020 and 2021, when the survey widened coverage. The jump from 32.0 million gallons in 2020 to 80.4 million in 2021 is therefore partly a change of source, not only new plants. And footnote a adds that from 2025 SAF exports are counted with renewable diesel exports in Table 10.4b. Table 10.4c’s own exports line, 536 thousand barrels in 2025, therefore leaves exported SAF out, while the production line still counts every gallon made in the U.S., wherever it went.
Why the proxy probably runs high
From 2014 to 2020 the same line already showed 12 to 33 million gallons a year, and EPA puts renewable jet fuel produced or imported at 20 million gallons or less a year all the way through 2023. EPA’s 2025 renewable jet estimate of about 290 million gallons is 47 percent of the EIA line, which suggests the non-jet fuels still make up a large share. EPA’s figure also includes imports and covers only fuel that generated RINs, so the two numbers measure different things and cannot simply be subtracted.
Twelve years of the series, in gallons and in barrels a day
Trade coverage of SAF switches between barrels per day and gallons per year, often in the same paragraph. Table 1 gives both for every year EIA publishes, with the day count used. EIA’s own conversion is thousand barrels times 0.042 equals million gallons. Daily rates divide the annual barrels by 365, or by 366 in 2016, 2020 and 2024.
Table 1. U.S. other biofuels production (includes SAF), 2014 to 2025
| Year | Thousand barrels | Million gallons | Days | Barrels a day |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 290 | 12.2 | 365 | 796 |
| 2015 | 393 | 16.5 | 365 | 1,078 |
| 2016 | 503 | 21.1 | 366 | 1,376 |
| 2017 | 570 | 24.0 | 365 | 1,563 |
| 2018 | 611 | 25.7 | 365 | 1,674 |
| 2019 | 791 | 33.2 | 365 | 2,168 |
| 2020 | 761 | 32.0 | 366 | 2,080 |
| 2021 (series break) | 1,914 | 80.4 | 365 | 5,244 |
| 2022 | 4,841 | 203.3 | 365 | 13,264 |
| 2023 | 7,058 | 296.4 | 365 | 19,338 |
| 2024 | 8,293 | 348.3 | 366 | 22,657 |
| 2025 | 14,776 | 620.6 | 365 | 40,483 |
Source: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, October 2026, Table 10.4c (CSV series BOPRPUS and BOPRMUS), read October 31, 2026. Barrels a day are this page’s arithmetic. Through 2020 the data are EPA’s; from 2021 they come from Form EIA-819 with wider coverage.
The growth since the series break is steep in percentage terms and small in barrels. Output went from 5,244 barrels a day in 2021 to 19,338 in 2023, 22,657 in 2024 and 40,483 in 2025. The 2025 gain alone, 272 million gallons, came close to the whole 2023 total of 296 million. Petroleum refineries, listed in our refinery capacity guide, are rated in the same barrels a day, which makes the comparison direct. A barrel here is the 42-gallon U.S. barrel described in the barrel of oil explainer.
The late-2025 ramp and a flatter 2026
The monthly data show a ramp late in 2025 and a lower, flatter level through mid-2026. The highest month in the series, which has monthly data from 2014, is November 2025, at 75.6 million gallons, a rate of 60,030 barrels a day. The lowest of 2025 is August 2025, at 31.1 million gallons. EIA does not explain single months in the table, so a one-month dip like August’s is a fact about that month, not evidence of a trend.
Table 2. Monthly other biofuels production, January 2025 to July 2026
| Month | Thousand barrels | Million gallons | Barrels a day |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 2025 | 1,031 | 43.3 | 33,260 |
| February 2025 | 1,236 | 51.9 | 44,129 |
| March 2025 | 1,033 | 43.4 | 33,315 |
| April 2025 | 888 | 37.3 | 29,603 |
| May 2025 | 1,109 | 46.6 | 35,788 |
| June 2025 | 1,142 | 48.0 | 38,075 |
| July 2025 | 1,290 | 54.2 | 41,600 |
| August 2025 | 740 | 31.1 | 23,879 |
| September 2025 | 1,342 | 56.3 | 44,717 |
| October 2025 | 1,498 | 62.9 | 48,328 |
| November 2025 | 1,801 | 75.6 | 60,030 |
| December 2025 | 1,667 | 70.0 | 53,763 |
| January 2026 | 1,029 | 43.2 | 33,181 |
| February 2026 | 991 | 41.6 | 35,381 |
| March 2026 | 1,126 | 47.3 | 36,329 |
| April 2026 | 1,090 | 45.8 | 36,340 |
| May 2026 | 1,164 | 48.9 | 37,562 |
| June 2026 | 1,179 | 49.5 | 39,295 |
| July 2026 | 1,283 | 53.9 | 41,376 |
Source: EIA, Monthly Energy Review, October 2026, Table 10.4c, monthly rows; 2026 values are the latest EIA has published. Barrels a day use each month’s calendar days.
Over January to July 2026, output averaged 37,083 barrels a day (330.2 million gallons in 212 days), against 36,457 in the same months of 2025. March to June 2026 each ran above the same month of 2025, January and July ran slightly below, February ran about a fifth below, and no 2026 month came near the November and December 2025 levels. A full-year 2026 total will not exist until the Monthly Energy Review covering December 2026 is published in 2027. Until then, any “2026 SAF production” figure is a forecast or an annualized partial year, and should be labeled as one.
EIA, EPA and DOE count different things
The confusion in published SAF numbers is mostly a matter of which agency is counting what. Table 3 sets the federal figures for the same years side by side.
Table 3. Federal measures of U.S. SAF volume, million gallons
| Year | EIA other biofuels production (includes SAF) | EPA renewable jet fuel, produced or imported (RFS) | DOE SAF Grand Challenge metric |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 80.4 | 20 or less | about 5 (domestic production) |
| 2022 | 203.3 | 20 or less | not stated |
| 2023 | 296.4 | 20 or less | not stated |
| 2024 | 348.3 | about 110 | about 30 in the first three quarters |
| 2025 | 620.6 | about 290 | not yet published |
Sources: EIA Monthly Energy Review Table 10.4c, October 2026; EPA, final Set 2 rule, 91 FR 16388 (April 1, 2026), preamble section on renewable jet fuel, based on EMTS data; DOE, “Federal Agencies Publish SAF Grand Challenge Progress Report” (October 2021 to September 2024 report). All read October 31, 2026.
Each column answers a different question. EIA counts all of the residual biofuels made at U.S. plants, jet or not, and whether or not they earn credits. EPA counts renewable jet fuel that generated RINs, which includes imported fuel and excludes any U.S. jet that did not enter the program. DOE’s progress metric counts domestic SAF production for its own tracking. For 2024 the EPA figure was more than three times the DOE figure, but the two cover different periods (a full year against nine months) and EPA’s includes imports, and neither source reconciles them. Quoting any one of them as “U.S. SAF production” without the definition is how the same year ends up with numbers a factor of ten apart.
EPA’s rule also explains where the fuel comes from. It says the vast majority of renewable jet fuel made through 2025 used the same feedstocks and very similar technology as renewable diesel, mostly at the same plants, and names Montana Renewables at Great Falls and Phillips 66 at Rodeo, California, as plants that made both fuels in 2024. It also notes that EPA had approved a facility-specific pathway for jet fuel made from ethanol (the alcohol-to-jet route) but that no RINs had yet been generated from that route when the rule was written.
Capacity is reported for renewable diesel and jet together
No federal series isolates SAF capacity. EIA’s biofuels capacity report counts “renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels” in one number: the renewable diesel, renewable heating oil, renewable jet fuel, renewable naphtha and gasoline and other biofuels a plant can produce, including refineries that co-process renewable feedstock with petroleum. A hydrotreater that can make either diesel or jet counts once, at its full capacity, whatever it actually makes.
As of January 1, 2026, EIA counted 19 such plants with 324 thousand barrels a day of capacity. EIA gives that report in barrels a day only; converted at 42 gallons and 365 days, it is 4,967 million gallons a year. A year earlier, on January 1, 2025, the separate report gave 19 plants, 4,719 million gallons a year and 308 thousand barrels a day. So capacity rose about 250 million gallons a year in 2025 with no change in the plant count.
Table 4. Renewable diesel and other biofuels capacity by region, January 1, 2026
| Region | Plants | Thousand barrels a day | Million gallons a year |
|---|---|---|---|
| PADD 1 (East Coast) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| PADD 2 (Midwest) | 3 | 19 | 291 |
| PADD 3 (Gulf Coast) | 6 | 160 | 2,453 |
| PADD 4 (Rocky Mountain) | 3 | 26 | 399 |
| PADD 5 (West Coast) | 7 | 119 | 1,824 |
| U.S. total (as published) | 19 | 324 | 4,967 |
Source: EIA, U.S. Biofuels Plant Production Capacity report, data as of January 1, 2026, released September 24, 2026, read October 31, 2026. Includes co-processing refineries. Million gallons a year are this page’s conversion (x 42 x 365 / 1,000,000); regional rows are rounded and do not add exactly to the total.
The Gulf Coast and the West Coast hold 86 percent of the capacity. Our PADD districts guide maps the regions. The monthly series, which EIA stopped publishing as a separate update after the September 2025 data, shows the same plateau: capacity sat between about 4.3 and 5.0 billion gallons a year from January 2024 to September 2025.
Table 5. Monthly operable capacity, renewable diesel and other biofuels, selected months
| Month | Million gallons a year | Barrels a day (converted) |
|---|---|---|
| January 2024 | 4,328 | 282,322 |
| June 2024 | 4,897 | 319,439 |
| December 2024 | 4,718 | 307,763 |
| January 2025 | 4,580 | 298,761 |
| May 2025 | 4,718 | 307,763 |
| August 2025 | 4,989 | 325,440 |
| September 2025 | 4,989 | 325,440 |
Source: EIA, Monthly Biofuels Capacity and Feedstocks Update, Table 1 (final issue, data for September 2025, released November 28, 2025), read October 31, 2026. EIA has said it no longer publishes this update and points to its petroleum data pages. The monthly table shows 4,580 for January 2025 while the annual report dated January 1, 2025 shows 4,719; each figure is used here as EIA published it.
How much of that capacity ran
In 2025, U.S. plants made 2,946 million gallons of renewable diesel and 621 million gallons of other biofuels, 3,567 million in all. Against the 4,719 million gallons of capacity at the start of 2025, that is 76 percent; against the start-of-2026 figure it is 72 percent. The ratio is rough, because capacity is a point-in-time rating and production is a full-year flow, and the capacity figure includes refineries that co-process petroleum. It still shows that the binding limit in 2025 was not a lack of hydrotreaters. Our renewable diesel vs biodiesel comparison tracks the same idle-capacity gap from the diesel side.
Renewable diesel gave up what other biofuels gained
The 2025 rise in other biofuels did not add to the total renewable output of these plants. Renewable diesel production fell from 3,194 million gallons in 2024 to 2,946 million in 2025, a drop of 248 million. Other biofuels rose by 272 million. The combined pool moved from 3,543 to 3,567 million gallons, a change of 24 million, less than 1 percent.
That is the pattern EPA describes in the Set 2 rule: because most renewable jet comes from the same feedstocks at the same plants, EPA expects any near-term rise in renewable jet to produce a matching fall in renewable diesel, with little or no net change in RIN-generating fuel. EPA also wrote that larger incentives had historically been available for renewable diesel than for jet, which led most plants to maximize diesel, and that production data suggested this might be starting to change. For anyone reading SAF growth as new supply, the practical lesson is to check Table 10.4b alongside Table 10.4c. A gallon moved from the diesel tank to the jet tank is a gallon of SAF and one fewer gallon of renewable diesel.
The 3 billion gallon goal for 2030, measured
The target comes from the SAF Grand Challenge launched by the Departments of Energy, Transportation and Agriculture in 2021. DOE’s announcement of its October 2021 to September 2024 progress report restates the roadmap’s aims: cut lifecycle emissions by at least 50 percent, produce 3 billion gallons of SAF a year by 2030, and supply 100 percent of domestic aviation fuel demand by 2050. DOE’s program page now calls the effort the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Initiative and describes it in terms of cost, energy security and domestic production; as of October 31, 2026 the page does not restate the 3 billion gallon figure. The roadmap and progress report remain posted, so the goal is measured here as the published benchmark, not as a current federal commitment.
Table 6. What 3 billion gallons a year requires from 2025 levels
| Starting point (2025) | Million gallons | Multiple needed by 2030 | Annual growth needed, 2025 to 2030 |
|---|---|---|---|
| EIA other biofuels (upper bound) | 620.6 | 4.8x | 37% |
| EPA renewable jet fuel, produced or imported | about 290 | 10.3x | 60% |
| Goal, for reference | 3,000 | 1.0x | 195,700 barrels a day |
Growth rates are compound annual rates over five years: (3,000 / start) ^ (1/5) - 1. This page’s arithmetic on the EIA and EPA figures in Table 3.
The capacity side looks closer than the production side. Three billion gallons is 60 percent of the 4,967 million gallons of renewable diesel and other biofuels capacity counted at the start of 2026. Hitting the goal from existing plants alone would mean converting most of the renewable diesel fleet’s output to jet, which, as the previous section shows, takes the gallons out of the diesel pool. DOE’s progress report said announced projects represented over 3 billion gallons a year of SAF capacity by 2030 and that capacity would exceed the target if 100 percent of it came online as planned. The data so far show capacity flat through 2025 and production growth slowing in 2026, so the gap is a question of new plants being built, not of existing ones being run harder.
Converting barrels a day to gallons without slipping
Most published errors come from one of four slips. Each has a quick check.
- Mixing a daily rate with an annual total. Barrels a day times 42 times 365, divided by 1,000,000, gives million gallons a year. A 10,000 barrel a day unit is 153.3 million gallons a year; 30,000 barrels a day is 459.9 million. Going back, million gallons a year times 1,000,000, divided by 42 and by 365, gives barrels a day: 2025’s 620.6 million gallons is 40,483 barrels a day.
- Forgetting leap years. 2024 had 366 days. Dividing its 8,293 thousand barrels by 365 gives 22,719 barrels a day instead of 22,657. The error is small, but it shows up when two articles compare the same year.
- Treating capacity as output. A plant rated at 10,000 barrels a day that makes jet a third of the time adds about 51 million gallons of SAF a year, not 153. The EIA capacity figure is a rating for diesel and jet together, so no SAF output can be read off it.
- Treating a forecast or partial year as a total. The latest full year is 2025. Any 2026 figure before early 2027 is a projection or a year-to-date number scaled up, and should be quoted with that label.
Federal credits per gallon of SAF, program by program
Three federal programs have paid SAF producers per gallon, and two of them changed in 2025 and 2026. Table 7 lists each with the dates in the statute or rule. State programs, such as low carbon fuel standards, are outside this table.
Table 7. Federal per-gallon support for SAF, as written
| Program | Applies to | Amount per gallon of SAF | Key conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Section 40B SAF credit | SAF in a qualified mixture sold or used in 2023 and 2024 | $1.25 plus $0.01 per point of lifecycle reduction above 50%, extra capped at $0.50 ($1.25 to $1.75) | At least 50% reduction; mixture made in the U.S. and put in an aircraft in the U.S.; not from co-processing lipids with petroleum; not from palm fatty acid distillates | Pub. L. 117-169, sec. 13203 |
| Section 45Z, as enacted (SAF rate) | SAF produced in 2025 | Statute: $1.75 (wage and apprenticeship rules met) or 35 cents, times the emissions factor. 2025 sales: $1.86 or 37 cents. Sold in 2026: $1.91 or 38 cents | Produced at a qualified U.S. facility; sold to an unrelated person; emissions rate at or below 50 kg CO2e per mmBTU | Pub. L. 117-169, sec. 13704; IRS Notices 2025-37 and 2026-41 |
| Section 45Z, as amended | Fuel produced after December 31, 2025 and sold by December 31, 2029 | No SAF rate: same $1.00 or 20 cents as other fuel, times the emissions factor. 2026 sales: $1.09 or 22 cents | Feedstock produced or grown in the U.S., Mexico or Canada; emissions rate may not be below zero (manure excepted); indirect land use change excluded | Pub. L. 119-21, sec. 70521; IRS Notice 2026-41 |
| RFS D4 RIN | Renewable jet fuel meeting a 50% GHG cut | Through 2026: equivalence value by EPA application. From January 1, 2027: 1.5 RINs per gallon | Value of each RIN set by the market | 40 CFR 80.1415; 91 FR 16388 |
Sources: Pub. L. 117-169 and Pub. L. 119-21 (govinfo); IRS, Internal Revenue Bulletins 2025-30 and 2026-29; eCFR 40 CFR 80.1415 (version of October 27, 2026); EPA Set 2 final rule, amendatory instruction 17. All read October 31, 2026. The excise-tax twin of 40B in section 6426(k) used the same amounts; Pub. L. 119-21 barred it for any gallon for which 45Z is allowable and ended it for periods after September 30, 2025.
Section 45Z works differently from 40B. It pays a dollar amount times an emissions factor, and the factor is (50 minus the fuel’s emissions rate in kilograms of CO2e per million Btu) divided by 50, rounded to the nearest 0.1. A fuel at 50 earns nothing; a fuel at zero earns the full amount. After 2025 the rate cannot go below zero, so the factor tops out at 1.0. The dollar amounts are adjusted for inflation each year: the IRS factor was 1.0611 for 2025 sales and 1.0929 for 2026 sales.
The main change for SAF is in the last two rows. Under the law as enacted, SAF got $1.75 where other fuel got $1.00, a 75-cent premium before inflation ($0.80 at 2025 amounts). Pub. L. 119-21 rewrote the SAF definition and dropped the special rate for fuel produced after December 31, 2025. From 2026, a gallon of jet and a gallon of renewable diesel with the same emissions rate earn the same 45Z credit. The RFS moves the same way in 2027, when the Set 2 rule assigns 1.5 RINs to both renewable diesel and renewable jet fuel.
One gallon, worked through each regime
Take a gallon of SAF from a plant that meets the wage and apprenticeship rules and has an emissions rate of 20 kg CO2e per million Btu. That rate is an illustration, not a published value: the IRS 2026 emissions rate table (Notice 2026-53) sends producers to DOE’s 45ZCF-GREET model rather than listing numbers. The factor is (50 - 20) / 50 = 0.6.
Table 8. 45Z credit on one gallon of SAF, emissions rate 20, wage and apprenticeship rules met
| When produced and sold | Applicable amount | x factor | Credit per gallon |
|---|---|---|---|
| Produced and sold in 2025 | $1.86 | 0.6 | $1.12 |
| Produced in 2025, sold in 2026 | $1.91 | 0.6 | $1.15 |
| Produced and sold in 2026 | $1.09 | 0.6 | $0.65 |
| Renewable diesel, produced and sold in 2026, same rate | $1.09 | 0.6 | $0.65 |
Applicable amounts from IRS Notice 2025-37 (2025 sales) and Notice 2026-41 (2026 sales). Emissions rate of 20 is a stated illustration. Credit rounded to the cent as 45Z(a)(5) requires.
The same gallon’s 45Z credit falls from $1.12 to $0.65, $0.47 less, when production moves from 2025 to 2026. For comparison, under 40B in 2024 a gallon certified at a 60 percent lifecycle reduction earned $1.25 + $0.10 = $1.35. The 40B percentage and the 45Z emissions rate are different metrics, so the two rows describe different illustrative fuels and should not be read as the same gallon.
The RIN adds a separate amount set by the market. At the 2027 equivalence value of 1.5 RINs per gallon, the 2026 volume-weighted average D4 RIN price of $1.66 (transfers reported through EPA’s October 15, 2026 update) is worth $2.49 per gallon; at the 2025 average of $0.95 it would be $1.42. That is an illustration combining a future equivalence value with past prices, not a forecast. Our RIN prices guide covers how D4 prices are set and how they have moved since 2015.
Where the 45Z rules stand at the end of October 2026
The credit is in force, but its regulations are not final. Treasury and the IRS published proposed regulations (REG-121244-23) in the Federal Register on February 4, 2026, at 91 FR 5160, with comments due April 6, 2026. A hearing notice followed on April 29, 2026, and a May 8, 2026 notice changed the hearing scheduled for May 27 to 29 to a telephonic-only hearing. As of October 31, 2026, no final 45Z rule had been published in the Federal Register, and the IRS clean fuel production credit page, last updated March 16, 2026, lists the proposed rule as the newest regulatory document.
Two later documents fill in pieces. IRS Notice 2026-53, in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2026-41 (October 5, 2026), provides the calendar-year 2026 emissions rate table and takes effect on and after September 8, 2026. It confirms that fuel produced after December 31, 2025 from imported used cooking oil from outside Canada and Mexico is not eligible, and that negative rates are barred for 2026 fuel other than fuel from animal manure. On October 16, 2026, DOE published notice of its Emissions Value Request Process (91 FR 65737), which supports Treasury and IRS in administering the credit. A producer reading 45Z today is working from the statute, IRS notices and proposed rules, and the final rules could still change definitions, records and the emissions method.
The next releases that will test the 2026 slowdown
The Monthly Energy Review adds one month at a time, about three months behind. Whether the 2026 slowdown holds will show up in these data points:
- Table 10.4c monthly production for August to December 2026, against the 37,083 barrel a day pace of January to July and the 60,030 barrel a day peak of November 2025.
- Table 10.4b renewable diesel production in the same months. If other biofuels rise while renewable diesel falls by a similar amount, the plants are switching products, not adding supply.
- EIA’s capacity report dated January 1, 2027, due in September 2027, for any plant built for jet rather than converted from diesel.
The 45Z change gives the first of these extra weight. From 2026 the tax code no longer pays more for a gallon of jet than for a gallon of renewable diesel, and from 2027 the RFS assigns them the same RIN count. Any SAF growth after 2025 therefore has to be paid for by state programs, airline contracts or a jet price premium rather than the federal tax premium. Production data for 2026 will show whether those sources are enough. For the petroleum jet fuel that SAF is blended into, and how airlines buy it, continue to the jet fuel prices guide, and for the wider set of fuel comparisons see the fuel identity and substitutes section of the deep-dive library or the fuel types topic hub.
Sustainable aviation fuel production questions
How much sustainable aviation fuel did the US produce in 2025?
EIA’s closest published measure, the “other biofuels” production line in Monthly Energy Review Table 10.4c, was 620.6 million gallons in 2025 (14.78 million barrels, about 40,500 barrels a day). That line also includes renewable heating oil, renewable naphtha and gasoline, biobutanol and other biofuels, so it is an upper bound. EPA’s count of renewable jet fuel produced or imported under the Renewable Fuel Standard was about 290 million gallons for 2025.
Does EIA publish a separate number for sustainable aviation fuel?
Not as a production series. Table 10.4c footnote a lists renewable jet fuel (sustainable aviation fuel) as one of five fuels in “other biofuels”, and EIA’s capacity reports combine renewable diesel, renewable jet fuel and the other biofuels in one figure. From 2025, SAF exports are counted with renewable diesel exports in Table 10.4b, not in Table 10.4c.
How many barrels a day is 3 billion gallons a year?
About 195,700 barrels a day: 3,000,000,000 gallons divided by 42 gallons per barrel and by 365 days. Going the other way, barrels a day times 42 times 365, divided by one million, gives million gallons a year, so 10,000 barrels a day is 153.3 million gallons a year.
How much is the 45Z credit for SAF in 2026?
For SAF produced after December 31, 2025, Pub. L. 119-21 removed the special SAF rate, so SAF earns the same applicable amount as other transportation fuel: $1.09 a gallon at a facility meeting the prevailing wage and apprenticeship rules, or 22 cents otherwise, for 2026 sales (IRS Notice 2026-41). That amount is multiplied by the emissions factor, (50 minus the fuel’s emissions rate) divided by 50. SAF produced in 2025 and sold in 2026 keeps the old rate of $1.91 or 38 cents.
Are the Treasury 45Z regulations final?
Not as of October 31, 2026. Treasury and the IRS published proposed regulations on February 4, 2026 (91 FR 5160), and the public hearing in late May 2026 was changed to a telephonic-only hearing. As of October 31, 2026, no final 45Z rule had been published in the Federal Register. IRS Notice 2026-53, effective September 8, 2026, supplies the 2026 emissions rate table, and DOE announced its emissions value request process on October 16, 2026.
How many RINs does a gallon of renewable jet fuel generate?
Through 2026, 40 CFR 80.1415(b) lists no assigned value for renewable jet fuel, so a producer applies to EPA and the value follows the formula (renewable share / 0.972) x (energy content / 77,000 Btu). From January 1, 2027, the Set 2 rule (91 FR 16388) assigns renewable jet fuel 1.5 RINs per gallon, the same as renewable diesel from that date. The RINs are normally D4.
Data and sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, October 2026, Table 10.4c, Other Biofuels Overview (footnotes and notes) and the CSV files for Table 10.4c and Table 10.4b (renewable diesel), read October 31, 2026. EIA, U.S. Biofuels Plant Production Capacity (as of January 1, 2026, released September 24, 2026), U.S. Renewable Diesel Fuel and Other Biofuels Plant Production Capacity (as of January 1, 2025, released September 26, 2025) and Monthly Biofuels Capacity and Feedstocks Update, Table 1 (data for September 2025), read October 31, 2026. U.S. EPA, Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Standards for 2026 and 2027 (Set 2) final rule, 91 FR 16388, April 1, 2026 (DATES paragraph, renewable jet fuel discussion and amendatory instruction 17), and 40 CFR 80.1415 (eCFR version of October 27, 2026), read October 31, 2026. EPA, RIN Trades and Price Information (page updated October 15, 2026; D4 transfer-year averages as retrieved October 30, 2026). Inflation Reduction Act, Pub. L. 117-169 (sections 13203 and 13704), and Pub. L. 119-21 (section 70521), govinfo, read October 31, 2026. IRS, Internal Revenue Bulletins 2025-30 (Notice 2025-37), 2026-29 (Notice 2026-41) and 2026-41 (Notice 2026-53), and the clean fuel production credit page (last updated March 16, 2026), read October 31, 2026. Treasury and IRS, Section 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit, proposed rule, 91 FR 5160 (February 4, 2026); DOE, Emissions Value Request Process; Notice of Availability, 91 FR 65737 (October 16, 2026); Federal Register document search for 45Z, read October 31, 2026. DOE, Sustainable Aviation Fuel Initiative and Federal Agencies Publish SAF Grand Challenge Progress Report, read October 31, 2026. Barrels-a-day conversions, growth rates, utilization ratios and the per-gallon credit examples are this page’s arithmetic.